TYPES OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
1. Interviews - interaction where verbal questions are posed by the interviewer to elicit verbal responses.
(Ex. one-to-one, focus group) (may be recorded on audio tapes/ smartphones)
Structured - follows a sequence / well-defined content.
Unstructured - normal conversation.
Semi-Structured - questions are prepared firsthand.
2. Documentary Analysis - analyzing data from sources or documents
used to analyze primary and secondary sources that are available mostly in schools, churches, offices, hospitals and city halls.
(NO INTERVIEW, just get documents)
3. Observation - seeing what others do while engaging actively.
Instrument :
Observation guideTake into consideration:
1. Focus of observation
2. Duration
3. Method of recording the observation.Types:
1. Structured - uses checklist
2. Unstructured - observes things as they happen. (No ideas of what will be observed)
4. Questionnaire - most often employed tool in research. Lowers biases, less expensive, and has a list of questions.
Structured (with choices)
Unstructured (own answers)
5. Physiological Measures - gathering of physical information. It is more precise and unbiased.
6. Psychological Test -systematic application of tests to measure psychophysical traits, skills, and issues and to forecast psychological performance.
Personality Inventories - self-reported tests that evaluate how people differ in their needs, values, and personality traits.
Projective Techniques- a stimulus is given to the subject. The use of ambiguous and indirect stimuli, such as stories or images, to enable research participants to project their own experiences onto the stimuli is known as a projective approach.
IN-TEXT CITATION
FORMATS
I. Free Paraphrasing Tools to Avoid Plagiarism
Quillbot.com
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is a free online tool that helps authors generate distinct material using paraphrasing techniques, without any limit. It rewrites the information on a human level, so no one can tell whether it was written by a human or technology.Scribbr
is a plagiarism detection software which identifies word matching and synonym swapping. It also offers access to a variety of sources, such as journal articles, dissertations, websites, PDFs, and news stories.Ref-n-write
is a paraphrasing tool which allows users to paraphrase paragraphs with a single click. This tool complement the academic phrasebank and revision tools to provide a comprehensive set of resources for researchers.
II. Parenthetical and Narrative Citation in APA Format Guide
To cite sources in APA Format, the author-date method is used, wherein the author and date are included in the body of the document and a corresponding reference is included in the reference list. This is to enable the reader to identify sources utilized in the paper easily. In-text citations have two formats:
ParentheticalIn this case, the author's name and publication date (or corresponding information) are included in parenthesis.Example: Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public's perception of expert consensus on an issue (Burnside, 2016).
NarrativeThe author's name appears in running text, and the date follows the author's name in parentheses.Example: Burnside (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
| Author/s | Type of Citation |
|---|---|
| One author | • Parenthetical: (Lee, 2020) • Narrative: Lee (2020) |
| Two authors | • Parenthetical: (Lee & Richards, 2016) • Narrative: Lee and Richards (2016) |
| 3+ authors | • Parenthetical: (Lee et al., 2016) • Narrative: Lee et al. (2016) |
| Group author with abbreviation | • First citation - (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2002) - The Centers for Disease Control (CDC, 2002) • Subsequent citation - (CDC, 2002) - The CDC (2002) |
| Group author without abbreviation | • (University of Minnesota, 2007) • The University of Minnesota (2007) |
III. Examples
| Author/s | Type of Citation |
|---|---|
| One work by one author | • Parenthetical: There are risks inherent in drinking tap water (Lee, 2016). • Narrative: Lee (2016) investigated the risks inherent in drinking tap water. |
| One work by two authors | • Parenthetical: There are risks inherent in drinking tap water (Lee & Richards, 2016). • Narrative: Lee and Richards (2016) investigated the risks inherent in drinking tap water. |
| One work by three or more authors | • Parenthetical: There are risks inherent in drinking tap water (Lee et al., 2016). • Narrative: Lee et al. (2016) investigated the risks inherent in drinking tap water. |
| Groups (with well-known abbreviations) of authors | • First narrative citation - The Centers for Disease Control (CDC, 2002) investigated the risks inherent in drinking tap water. • Subsequent narrative citations - The CDC (2002) investigated the risks inherent in drinking tap water. • Parenthetical first citation - There are risks inherent in drinking tap water (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2002). • Subsequent citations - There are risks inherent in drinking tap water (CDC, 2002). |
| Groups (without well-known abbreviations) as authors | • First narrative citation - The University of Minnesota (2007) investigated the risks inherent in drinking tap water. • Subsequent narrative citations - The University of Minnesota (2007) investigated the risks inherent in drinking tap water. • Parenthetical first citation - There are risks inherent in drinking tap water (University of Minnesota, 2007). • Subsequent citations - There are risks inherent in drinking tap water (University of Minnesota, 2007). |
| Multiple citations for one sentence | • Narrative: Lee & Richards (2016), North et al. (2017), and Zebra (1999) indicated that there are inherent risks in drinking tap water. •Parenthetical: There are inherent risks in drinking tap water (Lee & Richards, 2016; North et al., 2017; Zebra, 1999). |
ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style (Seventh ed.). American Psychological Association.Library Guides: APA Citation Guide (7th Edition): In-Text Citation. (n.d.). University of Nevada, Reno. https://guides.library.unr.edu/apacitation/in-textcite#:~:text=Include%20the%20author%2C%20year%20of,%22%20(p.%20112).